Locally-grown produce is offered for sale at a Walmart store in Idaho.
What's "local"?
Some of Wal-Mart's competitors—including the Whole Foods Market chain, the New Seasons Market stores around Portland, Ore., and Hen House Market in Kansas City, Mo.—sell locally grown food. Most "local" markets are defined by geographical boundaries such as a region or a radius in miles, not by the confines of political borders. Whole Foods, for instance, calls a product local if it has traveled less than a day (seven or fewer hours by car or truck) from farm to store.
Wal-Mart's take on "local" is different. It defines a local product as one made and sold in the same state. (Fruits and veggies in South Carolina Wal-Mart stores, for example, will be labeled "Certified SC Grown.") Wal-Mart says its in-state plan will save the chain 100,000 gallons of diesel fuel a year nationwide and save about $1.4 million a year.
Marketing and distribution experts say Wal-Mart's rule doesn't make much sense. "It has to change over time because at state border locations, produce grown in the adjoining state is more 'local' than that grown hundreds of miles away in the same state," says Eugene Fram, a professor of marketing at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York.
To Kelly O'Keefe, professor and executive education director at Virginia Commonwealth University's advertising program, Wal-Mart's same-state rule is saying, " 'Keep it home, keep it in our state'—which is a slightly different note to play and may be mixing signals." In distribution, "states are arbitrary dividing lines," O'Keefe says. He wouldn't be surprised "to see that change as it turns out to be, logistically, a nightmare."
Deisha Galberth, a Wal-Mart spokesperson, says that the company has agreements with each state's agriculture department and that using the state boundaries makes store signage easier. That way, customers in Idaho can easily recognize a local product as one bearing an "Idaho Preferred" sticker. But, she says, "we consider miles in proximity to farms and stores," which is why you may still see produce from neighboring states in stores—all labeled by their state of origin.
The 'Wal-Mart effect'
Remember that threatening phrase "the Wal-Mart effect"—reflecting a theory that when Wal-Mart descends upon a town, it demolishes competition, bringing a slew of social maladies? With Wal-Mart's new look, some say the company may be able to turn around the phrase's meaning.
"There's an opportunity for Wal-Mart to delight their consumers," says Brian Girouard, global consumer products and retail leader for Capgemini, a New York business consultancy. Only 9 percent of shoppers buying perishable foods are satisfied with the stores at which they bought them, according to a recent Capgemini study.
But some say the move to go local will only add to the list of Wal-Mart's negative effects.
Maryanne Hedrick, owner of My Personal Farmers Market, a produce service in New York's Hudson Valley, says, "If farmers sell their harvest at a Wal-Mart price, which I assume is rock-bottom, they are doing themselves a disservice in the long term." That's because "farmers make the best money when they sell direct via markets," not to the merchandiser. But, she says, consumers of local food want diversity and freshness. And she believes that "there's no way that Wal-Mart can pull it off." The idea of "Wal-Marting local food is ridiculous—Wal-Mart is the personification of bigness, and local is small."
Wal-Mart's Galberth says, "It might not seem natural for Wal-Mart to go to locally grown food." But, she adds, it's just another way to keep costs down and give customers what they want.
Corrected on 7/28/08: An earlier version of this article misspelled the name of Brian Girouard, a Capgemini vice president.
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